Essay

Colonialism as Peer to Peer

(Socialist Romania's designs for Third World countries published in Arhitectura magazine)1

As the only professional architectural journal in Romania during the communist period, Arhitectura magazine is a useful document for researching recent history. The projects that the Ceausescu regime exported to the "Third World" occupied a large space in its pages. Arhitectura published 4 special issues dedicated to "Romanian architectural presences abroad"2 and offered many other punctual presentations, especially between 1978-1989.

Of course, the information published at that time should be used with caution and cross-checked with other sources. As Ion Mircea Enescu noted in his memoirs, the journal made "confusing omissions" and was even "a factor of mystification" in terms of copyright, with "serious criticism" "completely lacking"3. Indeed, the tone in presenting foreign projects is self-apologetic, when it is not simply technically dry. Nevertheless, the information is valuable, and in the end, even if incomplete, the mosaic of articles in the magazine makes it possible to build up a plausible overall picture.

Friendly colonialismAs the political scientist Parag Khanna said, referring explicitly to Romania, among other things, the "Second World" label has remained a "euphemism" that conceals the fact that Europe also has its "Third World"countries4. Indeed, in many respects - political regime, economic development - Romania has been close to its partners in the poorer world. Moreover, the term "Third World" was rarely used in official discourse, but rather "developing countries" or "friendly countries". Romanian construction projects in the "Third World" should be seen in the context of this similarity.

Peer Colonialism1(Projects of the socialist Romania for the countries of the Third World published in "Arhitectura" magazine)As a unique professional magazine of architecture in Romania during communism, "Arhitectura" magazine is a useful document for the recent history study. The projects that communist regime exported in "The Third World" filled a large space within its pages. "Arhitectura" published 4 special issues dedicated to "the Romanian architecture presences abroad"2 and also offered many other precise but scattered presentations, especially during 1978 - 1989.

Of course, the information published then must be used cautiously and compared with other sources, as well. As Mr. Ion Mircea Enescu noted in his memories, the magazine made "omissions which create confusion" and it was really a "mystification factor" concerning the copyright, "the serious criticism" missing "completely"3. Indeed, the presentation of the projects designed for had a self-apologetic tone, when it's not simply dry, technically speaking. Still, the information is precious and in the end, even if incomplete, the mosaic of the articles in the magazine allows the composition of a sophisticated real image.

Friendly Peer ColonialismAs political scientist Parag Khanna said, referring among others explicitly to Romania, the label "The Second World" remained an euphemism that hides the fact that also Europe has, actually, her own "Third World countries"4. Indeed, from quite enough points of view - political regime, economic development - Romania was close to its poor partners. Moreover, "The Third World" term was rarely used in the official speech; it was rather about "ongoing developing countries" or "friendly countries". The Romanian construction projects from "The Third World" must be drawn in the context of this similarity.

1 - This article is based on the conclusions of the paper "Peer Colonialism: Projects from Socialist Romania to the Developing World (1965-1989)", presented at the symposium South of East-West. Post-Colonial Planning, Global Technology Transfer, and the Cold War, Berlage Institute Rotterdam, November 9-10, 2010

2 - Arhitectura nr. 6/1979, 5/1980, 6/1980 and 3/1984

3 - Ion Mircea Enescu, Arhitect sub comunism, Ed. Paideia, București, 2007, p. 46, 88-89

4 - Parag Khanna, The Second World. How Emerging Powers Are Redefining Global Competition in the Twenty-first Century, Random House, New York, 2009, p. 27

Read the full text in the printed edition of Arhitectura, nr 1/2011